The American Cyclopædia (1879)/South Carolina - Wikisource, the free online library (2024)

SOUTH CAROLINA, one of the original statesof the American Union, lying between lat. 32°and 35° 10' N., and lon. 78° 25' and 83° 19' W.It has the form of an irregular triangle, withthe coast line for its base, and Georgia andNorth Carolina for its converging sides. Itsextreme length, from Little River inlet on theeast to Chattooga river on the west, is about275 m., and its greatest breadth from the mouthof Savannah river on the south to the NorthCarolina line on the north, about 210 m.; area,about 34,000 sq. m. It is bounded N. and N. E.by North Carolina, S. E. by the Atlantic ocean,and S. W. by Georgia, from which it isseparated by the Savannah river and its upperbranches.

It is divided into 32 counties (calleddistricts prior to 1868), viz.: Abbeville,Aiken, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston,Chester, Chesterfield, Clarendon, Colleton,Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, Georgetown,Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancaster,Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough,Newberry, Oconee, Orangeburg, Pickens,Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williamsburg,and York. The chief city is Charleston,which had 48,956 inhabitants in 1870and 56,540 in 1875. Columbia (pop. in 1870,9,298; in 1875, 14,449) is the capital. Thechief towns having, according to the census of1870, from 1,000 to 3,000 inhabitants areAbbeville, Greenville, Aiken, Georgetown, Newberry,Sumter, Beaufort, Anderson, Pickensville,Winnsborough, Spartanburg, and Camden.Other less important towns are Rock Hill,Cheraw, co*kesbury, Conwayborough,Edgefield, Greenwood, Lancaster, Marion, Pendleton,Walterboro, and Walhalla. The populationof the state at decennial periods since1790, according to the federal census, and in1875 as reported by the state census, and itsrank in the Union, have been as follows:

Included in the aggregate of 1860 were 88Indians, and in that of 1870 124 Indians and 1Chinaman. Of the total population in 1870,343,902 were males and 361,704 females;697,532 were of native and 8,074 of foreign birth.Of the natives, 678,708 were born in the state,8,282 in North Carolina, 3,254 in Virginia andWest Virginia, 2,874 in Georgia, and 945 inNew York; 246,066 persons born in the statewere living in other parts of the United States.Of the foreigners, 3,262 were born in Ireland,2,754 in Germany, 617 in England, and 310 inScotland. The density of population was 20.75to a square mile. There were 151,105 families,with an average of 4.67 persons to each, and143,485 dwellings, with an average of 4.92 toeach. There were 233,915 persons from 5 to18 years of age, 120,150 males from 18 to 45,and 146,614 male citizens 21 years old andupward. The increase of population from 1860to 1870 was 27 per cent. There were 265,892persons 10 years old and over who could notread, and 290,379 unable to write; of thelatter, 55,167 were white and 235,164 colored,137,246 males and 153,085 females, and 179,145were 21 years old and over. The numberof paupers supported during the year endingJune 1, 1870, was 2,343, at a cost of $224,805.Of the total number (2,071) receiving supportat the end of the year, 965 were white and1,106 colored. The number of personsconvicted of crime during the year was 1,399. Ofthe 732 persons in prison at the end of theyear, 148 were white and 584 colored. Thestate contained 451 blind, 212 deaf and dumb,333 insane, and 465 idiotic. Of the totalpopulation (503,763) 10 years old and over, therewere engaged in all occupations 263,301; inagriculture, 206,654, of whom 163,528 werelaborers and 42,546 farmers and planters; inprofessional and personal services, 34,383,including 553 clergymen, 16,214 domesticservants, 10,654 laborers not specified, 387lawyers, 789 physicians and surgeons, and 1,074teachers not specified; in trade and transportation,8,470; and in manufactures and mechanicaland mining industries, 13,794. The totalnumber of deaths from all causes was 7,380,being 1.05 per cent. of the entire population;from consumption, 657, there being 11.2 deathsfrom all causes to one from this disease. Therewere 255 deaths from cholera infantum, 273from measles, 709 from pneumonia (or 10.4deaths from all causes to one from thisdisease), 367 from intermittent and remittentfevers, 515 from enteric fever, and 537 fromdiarrhœa, dysentery, and enteritis.—Thetopography of the state resembles that of NorthCarolina and Georgia. The coast for about100 m. inward is flat and sandy, with a lightsoil, covered by pitch-pine forests, traversedby sluggish streams, and interspersed withnumerous swamps. This portion of the state isof alluvial formation. Beyond this plain is abelt of low sand hills called the middle country,which is moderately productive. West ofthe middle country is a belt called the ridge,where the land rises abruptly, and thencecontinues to ascend, exhibiting beautiful alternationsof hill and dale, till it terminates at theextreme N. W. part of the state in the Blue Ridge,the highest peak of which in South Carolinais Table mountain, 4,000 ft. above the Atlantic.The coast line extends from Little River inlet,in a S. W. direction, to the mouth of theSavannah river, about 200 m. The coast presentsnumerous inlets, bays, shallow sounds andlagoons, and a few good harbors. Winyaw bay,the easternmost harbor of any note, is 14 m.long and about 2 m. wide. Georgetown is atthe head of this bay, to which vessels of lightdraught ascend. Passing S. W., Bull's bay isnext in order, then Charleston harbor, St.Helena sound, and Beaufort harbor, or PortRoyal entrance, besides a number of smallinlets. Beaufort harbor, which admits vesselsof 24 ft. draught, is one of the best in thesouthern states. Stono inlet, a few miles S.of Charleston, admits vessels drawing 9 or 10ft. of water. St. Helena sound is a spaciousopening 10 m. long and 3 m. broad. Smallislands skirt the S. portion of the coast, shutoff from the mainland by narrow channels,which afford inland steamboat communicationbetween Charleston and Savannah. These islandsare low and flat, and produce sea islandcotton. Rice is also here produced in largequantities, and tropical fruits flourish.—Savannahriver, which forms the boundary betweenSouth Carolina and Georgia, is formed by theinfluence of the Tugaloo and Keowee, whichrise in the mountains near the line of NorthCarolina and unite at Anderson, in the W.part of South Carolina; flowing thence in aS. S. E. direction 450 m., it empties into theAtlantic 18 m. below Savannah, near lat. 32°N. and lon. 81° W. The Savannah isnavigable for large vessels to the city of Savannah,and for steamers of 150 tons to Augusta, 230m. further, and by means of a canal round thefalls at Augusta smaller boats ascend 150 m.further. The other principal rivers are theGreat Pedee, the Santee, and the Edisto. Thefirst, which rises in the Blue Ridge, flows E.S. E. and S. S. E. through North Carolina,where it is called the Yadkin, passes throughthe E. portion of South Carolina, receivesthe Black river and Lynch's creek on theright, and the Little Pedee and Waccamawon the left, and empties into Winyaw bay.It is navigable for steamboats to Cheraw, adistance of about 150 m., above whichnavigation is obstructed by a fall. The Santee isformed by the junction of the Congaree andWateree, which by their tributaries rise inthe Blue Ridge (W. part of North Carolina),flow S., and unite in the central part ofSouth Carolina; the stream thus formed, flowingupward of 120 m. in a S. E. direction,reaches the Atlantic by two mouths, Northand South Santee, a few miles S. W. ofWinyaw bay. The principal tributaries of theCongaree are the Saluda and Broad rivers.The Santee is navigable for its entire length,and its tributaries, the Wateree and Congaree,by aid of canals, are navigable for small boatsnearly to the mountains, about 200 or 300 m.from the ocean. The Edisto and Combaheerise in the interior, and flowing S. reach theAtlantic near the southernmost point of thestate. These streams are navigable for verysmall boats. The state is remarkably wellwatered, and almost every county abounds ingood water power.—Geologically South Carolinais nearly equally divided between theprimitive and the alluvial formations; the formerprevailing in the upper portion, the latteralong the coast. Among the beautiful granitesof the state, the porphyritic granite ofCamden and Buffalo creek, and the red granitenear Columbia, are conspicuous. Of thesyenites, those found in Abbeville, Fairfield,and Lexington counties are the most beautiful.The first resembles the Quincy granite,and the last is remarkable for its whitefeldspar, contrasting so strikingly with the blackcrystals of hornblende. White and variegatedmarbles are found in Spartanburg andLaurens. Gneiss, sufficiently slaty to be splitinto flagging stones, has been discovered inPickens and in the lower part of York.Porcelain earth abounds through the primaryregions, wherever the feldspathic granite isfound in a state of disintegration. Soapstoneof fine quality exists in several localities. Redand yellow ochres abound in Chesterfield co.Limestone is most abundant in Laurens andSpartanburg, while the white feldspathicsandstone, buhrstone, and flagstone are found inmany of the upper counties. Manganeseoccurs in nearly every county N. of Columbia.Coal is found in Chesterfield and Marlboro.The gold-bearing rocks of the Atlantic slopeextend through the N. W. corner of SouthCarolina, the metal being found in Abbeville,Edgefield, Lancaster, Pickens, Spartanburg,Union, and York counties. There are minesin Abbeville, Edgefield, and Union. The firstmint deposits from South Carolina were$3,500 in 1827; the aggregate of such depositsto June 30, 1874, was $1,379,077. In severalcases large nuggets of pure gold have beenfound, and gold-bearing veins have beensuccessfully worked; but the largest quantities ofgold have been obtained from surface washings.Copper occurs in some counties, whileiron ore is found in the N. part of the state,above the King's mountain range, but noextensive efforts have been made to develop thedeposits. Lead is found in Pickens co.,bismuth in Chesterfield and Lancaster, and blacklead in Spartanburg and Pickens. Thelimestones of the Blue Ridge may be used as fertilizers,while the richest deposits of bonephosphates on the continent, if not in the world,have recently been discovered in Charlestonco., near the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Thesedeposits underlie many square miles of surfacecontinuously, at a depth ranging from 6 in.to 12 ft., and exist in such quantities that from600 to 1,000 tons underlie each acre. In fact, itseems there are no rocks in this section whichare not phosphates. In 1870 it was officiallyestimated that $2,500,000 capital was investedin the business of converting the phosphatesinto forms available to agriculturists. Theproduction of crude phosphates from 1867 to1872 was valued at about $1,700,000.—Amongthe natural curiosities, the most prominent isTable mountain, 20 m. from Greenville, 4,000ft. above the sea, which looms up perpendicularlyon one of its faces 1,100 ft. above thesurrounding country. “Cæsar's Head,” a rockprojection resembling a human skull, nearTable mountain, is a place of summer resort.Glenn's Spring, the waters of which are im-pregnated with magnesia and sulphur, is awatering place of some note in Spartanburg.The falls of the Saluda among the mountainshave a descent of from 300 to 400 ft., and theregion presents much grand and picturesquescenery. Aiken has since the war become aplace of resort for consumptives and otherinvalids, on account of its comparatively dryand equable climate. The mean temperatureof Charleston (lat. 32° 45', lon. 79° 57') is:spring, 65.8°; summer, 80.6; autumn, 68.1°;winter, 51.7°; year, 66.6°. The average rainfallis: spring, 8.60 inches; summer, 18.68;autumn, 11.61; winter, 9.40; year, 48.29.Prevailing wind, S. W. The following tablesexhibit the result of observations taken at Aiken,Aiken co., 120 m. N. W. of Charleston, in lat.33° 30', lon. 81° 40', and Gowdeysville, Unionco., during the year 1870:

MEAN TEMPERATURE.

The maximum temperature at Aiken was 96°in July; minimum, 10 in December and 15°in February; maximum at Gowdeysville, 94°in July and August; minimum, 7° in Decemberand 16° in February. Yellow feveroccasionally occurs as an epidemic at Charleston.—SouthCarolina has very little waste land,and produces cotton, rice, tobacco, maize, oats,rye, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes, peas,beans, &c. The soil comprises six varieties:1, tide swamp, appropriated to the cultureof rice; 2, inland swamp, to rice, cotton,corn, peas, &c.; 3, salt marsh, to long cotton;4, oak and pine, to long cotton, corn, potatoes,&c.; 5, oak and hickory, to short cotton,corn, &c.; 6, pine barren, to fruits, vegetables,&c. The pine lands, embracing about 6,000,000acres, are perhaps the most neglected section of the state. The swamps, covering 2,000sq. m. (1,280,000 acres), of inexhaustiblefertility, are capable of drainage. The soil ofmuch the larger portion of the state is clay,which, except in the immediate vicinity of theocean, is almost the universal substratum. Inthe N. part of the state, particularly thatportion bordering on the Blue Ridge, corn, wheat,oats, and barley flourish, while cotton is liableto suffer from early frosts. This region isalso well adapted to the production of apples,pears, peaches, plums, grapes, and other smallfruits. The central and lower portions of thestate are better fitted to the culture of cotton,corn, and rice. Strawberries are abundant.The English walnut and Spanish mavson chestnutbear good crops, beginning to produce sixor seven years after planting. On the seaislands grow the live oak and palmetto. In 1870the state contained in farms 3,010,539 acresof improved land, 6,443,851 of woodland, and2,650,890 of other unimproved land. Thetotal number of farms was 51,889; averagesize, 233 acres. There were 10,286 containingfrom 3 to 10 acres, 9,146 from 10 to 20,16,415 from 20 to 50, 8,148 from 50 to 100,7,112 from 100 to 500, 465 from 500 to 1,000,and 418 of 1,000 and over. The cash value offarms was $44,808,763; of farming implementsand machinery, $2,282,946; total amount ofwages paid during the year, including valueof board, $7,404,297; total (estimated) valueof all farm productions, including bettermentsand additions to stock, $41,909,402; orchardproducts, $47,960; produce of market gardens,$127,459; forest products, $167,253; homemanufactures, $312,191; animals slaughteredor sold for slaughter, $2,507,149; value of livestock, $12,443,510. There were 44,105 horses,41,327 mules and asses, 98,693 milch cows,17,685 working oxen, 132,925 other cattle,124,594 sheep, and 395,999 swine. Theproductions were 317,700 bushels of spring and465,910 of winter wheat, 36,165 of rye, 7,614,207of Indian corn, 613,593 of oats, 4,752 ofbarley, 460,378 of peas and beans, 83,252 ofIrish and 1,342,165 of sweet potatoes, 5,830of clover seed, 10,665 tons of hay, 224,500bales of cotton, 32,304,825 lbs. of rice, 34,805of tobacco, 1,461,980 of butter, 194,253 ofhoney, 11,404 of wax, 1,055 hogsheads of canesugar, 13,179 gallons of wine, 241,815 of milksold, 436,882 of cane and 183,585 of sorghummolasses. The production of cotton in 1873-'4amounted to 438,194 bales of 468 lbs. each,including 8,759 bales of sea island.—The totalnumber of manufacturing establishments in1870 was 1,584, having 210 steam engines of4,537 horse power, and 700 water wheels of10,395 horse power, and employing 8,141hands, of whom 7,099 were males above 16,578 females above 15, and 464 youth. Thecapital invested amounted to $5,400,41 8; wagespaid during the year, $1,543,715; value ofmaterials used, $5,855,736; of products, $9,858,981.The leading industries were as follows:

The number of cotton mills in 1874 was 18,having 1,238 looms and 62,872 spindles; theamount of cotton used during the year was7,134,558 lbs. South Carolina has three UnitedStates customs districts, indicated in thefollowing statement of foreign commerce for theyear ending June 30, 1875, with the number ofvessels registered, enrolled, and licensed:

The chief article of export is cotton. Duringthe fiscal year 259,053 bales were exportedfrom Charleston, valued at $17,930,603,besides 6,357 bales of sea island, valued at $779,346.The shipments of cotton, rice, navalstores, phosphates, and lumber to ports of theUnited States constitute an extensive trade.The amount of shipping in 1875 was as follows:

The state had 204 m. of railroad in 1845, 7591855, 1,007 in 1865, and 1,298 in 1875. Thefollowing table shows the railroads lying whollyor partly within the state:

NAMES OF CORPORATIONS.	TERMINI.		Miles in operation in SouthCarolina in 1875.	Total length of line when differentfrom preceding.
	FROM	TO
Atlanta and Richmond Air Line	Atlanta, Ga.	Charlotte,N.C.	125	265
Charlotte, Columbia, and Augusta	Charlotte, N. C.	Augusta, Ga.	183	195
Cheraw and Darlington	Florence	Cheraw	40	....
Chester and Lenoir	Chester	Yorkville	22	....
Cheraw and Salisbury	Cheraw	Salisbury, N. C.	12	80
Greenville and Columbia	Greenville	Columbia	143	....
Branch	co*kesbury	Abbeville	12	....
Leased, Blue Ridge	Belton	Walhalla	43	....
Northeastern	Charleston	Florence	102	....
Port Royal	PortRoyalHarbor	Augusta, Ga.	111	....
Savannah and Charleston	Savannah, Ga.	Charleston	96	104
South Carolina	Charleston	Augusta, Ga.	111	....
Branches	Branchville	Columbia	38	....
	Kingsville	Camden	68	....
Spartanburg and Union	Alston	Spartansburg	68	....
Wilmington,Columbia,andAugusta	Wilmington, N. C.	Columbia	124	l89

The Santee canal, 22 m. long, connects Charleston,through Cooper river, with the Santee.There are also several short canals, having anaggregate length of about 30 m. At the beginningof 1875 there were 12 national banks inoperation, with a capital stock of $3,135,000;circulation, $2,167,420; circulation per capita,$307; ratio of circulation to the wealth ofthe state, 1 per cent.; to bank capital, 69.1 percent.—The government is administered underthe constitution adopted in 1868, whichprovides that slavery shall never exist in the state;that every citizen owes paramount allegianceto the United States; that the state shall everremain a member of the American Union;no property qualification shall be necessary toeligibility to office; distinctions on accountof race or color shall be prohibited, and allcitizens shall enjoy all common public, legal,and political privileges; no debt contracted bythe state in behalf of the rebellion shall ever bepaid; presidential electors shall be elected bythe people; the distinction between actions atlaw and suits in equity is abolished. The rightof suffrage is bestowed upon every male citizenof the United States, 21 years old andupward, who has resided in the state one year,and in the county where he shall offer to vote60 days preceding the election. Elections areby ballot, and a plurality only of the votescast is necessary to a choice. Qualified electors,who acknowledge the existence of theSupreme Being, are entitled to hold office,with unimportant exceptions. The legislativepower is vested in a general assembly,consisting of a senate composed of one memberfrom each county except Charleston, whichelects two senators, and a house of 124representatives apportioned among the countiesaccording to population, each county having atleast one. The senators hold office for fouryears and the representatives for two. Theyreceive $6 a day during the session, and 20cents a mile for travel to and from the capital.The sessions of the legislature are annual,beginning on the fourth Tuesday of November.The state election is held on the third Wednesdayof October in even years. The executivepower is vested in a governor (annual salary$3,500 with a furnished residence) and alieutenant governor ($2,500), ex officio presidentof the senate, who hold office for two years; acomptroller general ($3,000), treasurer ($2,500),secretary of state ($3,000), and attorneygeneral ($3,000), who hold office for four years; asuperintendent of education ($2,500), and anadjutant and inspector general ($2,500). Theseofficers are elected by the people. The governorand lieutenant governor must have beentwo years resident in the state. The governor'sveto may be overcome by a two-thirdsvote of the legislature. The judicial power isvested in a supreme court, circuit courts (eachof which is subdivided into a court of commonpleas with civil jurisdiction, and a courtof general sessions with criminal jurisdiction),probate courts, and courts of justices of thepeace. The supreme court consists of achief and two associate justices, elected byjoint vote of the two houses of the legislaturefor six years. The chief justice receives anannual salary of $4,000, and the associates$3,500 each. The state is divided into eightcircuits, for each of which a judge is electedby joint vote of the legislature for four years;each receives a salary of $3,500 a year. Thesupreme court has in general appellatejurisdiction only. The courts of common pleashave exclusive jurisdiction in matters ofdivorce, exclusive original jurisdiction in civilcases not cognizable by justices of the peace,and appellate jurisdiction in cases providedfor by law. The courts of sessions haveexclusive jurisdiction in criminal cases not otherwiseprovided for by law. A judge of probateis elected for each county by the people fortwo years. Trial justices appointed by thegovernor have jurisdiction of civil cases wherethe amount involved does not exceed $100, andof criminal proceedings for minor offences. Ahomestead not exceeding $1,000 in value isexempt from sale under execution, to everyhead of a family. A poll tax not exceeding $1may be levied for school purposes. Provisionis made for taking decennial censuses, beginningin 1875. The property of a married woman isnot liable for the debts of her husband, andshe may deal with it in all respects as ifunmarried. Before the adoption of the presentconstitution, divorce was unknown in the state.Divorces are now granted for adultery ordesertion for two years; and the one desertingmay obtain a divorce if the desertion is justifiedby cruel treatment, or by neglect of thehusband to provide maintenance. The deathpenalty is abolished, except in cases of wilfulmurder. Arson and rape are punishable byimprisonment for life or for a period not lessthan 10 years; the penalty of manslaughterand of burglary is imprisonment for a periodnot exceeding 30 years. The legal rate ofinterest, in the absence of agreement, is 7 percent., but any rate may be contracted for. Aconvention to revise the constitution may becalled by vote of the people, the question havingbeen submitted to them by a two-thirdsvote of each house of the legislature. Specificamendments must be proposed by two thirdsof each house, voted for by a majority of thepeople at the next general election, and afterwardratified by a two-thirds vote of eachhouse of the next general assembly. The statehas two senators and five representatives incongress, and is therefore entitled to sevenvotes in the electoral college.—The state debton Nov. 1, 1874, was reported at $17,017,651,including $9,540,750 bonded debt, $2,679,293floating debt, and $4,797,608 contingent liabilities.Not included in this statement are bondsto the amount of $5,966,000 issued under theact of March 23, 1869, for the conversion ofstate securities, which have been declared bythe legislature to have been issued withoutauthority, and to be therefore null and void; butthe statement includes interest on these bonds,amounting to $894,750, which it is asserted isillegal and should be deducted from the state'sliabilities. The bonded debt falls due at differentdates between 1877 and 1893; the rate ofinterest on most of it is 6 per cent. The floatingdebt consists of unpaid appropriations andover-due interest. The contingent liabilitieswere created by the indorsem*nt by the stateof the following railroad bonds, the state beingsecured by mortgages on the roads:

The receipts from all sources during the yearending Oct. 31, 1874, amounted to $1,712,268,and the expenditures to $1,599,232. Theassessed valuation of taxable property in 1874was $141,624,952, viz.: real estate, $87,794,305;personal property, $43,944,070; railroadproperty, $9,886,577. The total valuation in1873 was $176,956,502. The rate of the taxlevy for state purposes in 1874 was 10²³⁄₆₀mills.—The constitution of 1868 provides for auniform system of free common schools to besupported by a tax on property and polls, and forthe establishment of a state normal school, astate reform school, a state university, andeducational institutions for the deaf and dumband the blind. It also declares that all publicschools, colleges, and universities, supportedwholly or partly by the public funds, shallbe free to all the children of the state withoutregard to color; but separate schools are generallyprovided. Provision was made for thecompulsory attendance upon public or privateschools of all children between the ages of 6and 16 years, but no law for this purpose hasyet (1876) been passed by the legislature. Thestate superintendent, who is elected by thepeople for four years, has general supervisionof the public schools. The state board ofeducation consists of the superintendent and theseveral county school commissioners. Thereare 32 of the latter officers (one in each county),elected for two years by the people, at anannual salary of $1,000, except in Charlestoncounty, where the salary is $1,200. Eachcounty has a board of school examiners,composed of the commissioner and two membersappointed by him; their chief duties are theexamination of teachers and the appointment ofdistrict trustees. There are no graded schoolsexcept in Charleston. The sources of schoolrevenue are: 1, state school tax; 2, poll tax;3, district taxes. The common school statisticsfor 1873-'4 were as follows:

The state normal school was opened in Columbiain September, 1874, with two instructorsand 32 students. The course of study occupies two years. In 1874 there were tenteachers' institutes held in eight counties. Theuniversity of South Carolina, in Columbia, haspreparatory, academical, law, and medicaldepartments, which are open to white andcolored pupils. In 1874-'5 there were 166students, viz.: 17 in the law, 4 in the medical,and 79 in the preparatory school, 64 in theacademical department, and 2 in a specialcourse. State scholarships were establishedin the university in 1874, and $6,400appropriated for that purpose. In 1874-'5 57students were holding state scholarships. Thestate appropriations for the university duringthe year ending Oct. 31, 1874, amounted to$41,750. The library of the university in1875 had 30,000 volumes. Claflin university,at Orangeburg, was opened in 1870 for theeducation of colored persons of both sexes.In 1872 the state college of agriculture and themechanic arts was established in connectionwith this institution, which was then named“Claflin University and South CarolinaAgricultural College and Mechanical Institute.” Thedepartments which have been organized are:1, common English; 2, classical preparatoryand higher English; 3, agricultural and scientific.In 1874-' 5 there were 5 instructors and188 students, including 65 pursuing scientific,agricultural, and military studies. Furmanuniversity (Baptist), opened in 1851 atGreenville, in 1874-'5 had 5 professors and 55students in the collegiate department. Theinstitution has an endowment of $200,000,contributed by the Baptists of South Carolina;and for ten years from Jan. 1, 1876, tuition isto be free. Newberry college (Lutheran), atWalhalla, Oconee co., opened in 1858, in 1874-'5had 6 instructors and 101 pupils, including70 in the preparatory department. Woffordcollege (Methodist Episcopal church, South),opened in 1853, is at Spartanburg CourtHouse; it has collegiate and preparatorydepartments, and in 1874-'5 there were 7instructors. The principal institutions for thehigher instruction of women are Columbiafemale college in Columbia, which in 1874-'5had 7 teachers and 97 students; Due Westfemale college, at Due West, Abbeville co.,with 9 teachers and 113 pupils; the GreenvilleBaptist female college, at Greenville, with 10teachers and 117 pupils; and the Williamstonfemale college, at Williamston, with 8 instructorsand 119 pupils. The Southern Baptisttheological seminary at Greenville, establishedin 1859, in 1874-'5 had 5 professors and 66students. The theological seminary of thegeneral assembly of the Presbyterian churchin the United States was opened at Lexington,Ga., in 1829, and was removed to Columbia,its present seat, in 1830. It has a library ofabout 19,000 volumes, and endowments, notincluding buildings and library, amounting to$164,000. In 1873-'4 there were 5 instructorsand 57 students. The medical college of thestate of South Carolina, in Charleston, wasopened in 1832, and in 1875 had 8 instructorsand 60 students.—The state institution for theeducation of the deaf, dumb, and blind is atCedar Springs in Spartanburg co.; but it isnow (1876) suspended. The state orphanasylum, in Columbia, had in 1874 an average of80 inmates, of whom 38 were girls. Thelegislature appropriated $25,000 for this institutionin 1874; the expenditures amounted to$18,900. The state lunatic asylum, in Columbia,opened in 1828, had an average of 312patients during the year ending Oct. 31, 1874,and 311 at the end of the year. The averageannual cost of maintenance is $250 for eachpatient; $65,000 was appropriated for it in1874, and the expenditures were $71,590. Thestate penitentiary, in Columbia, had in 1874an average of 250 prisoners, who were chieflyemployed upon public buildings on accountof the state; their earnings amounted to$23,774. The expenses of the institution were$69,838; the state appropriation was $50,000.Religious exercises are held on Sunday. Thereis a day school for all convicts, and a reformatoryschool for those under 18 years of age, whoare kept separate from the other convicts.—Thetotal number of libraries reported by thecensus of 1870 was 1,663, containing 546,244volumes. Of these, 922 with 397,020 volumeswere private, and 741 with 149,224 volumesother than private; among the latter were onestate library, with 2,700 volumes; 3 court andlaw, 6,324; 4 school, college, &c., 20,800; 647Sunday school, 93,200; 84 church, 25,100;and 2 circulating, 1,100. The total numberof newspapers and periodicals was 55, havingan aggregate circulation of 80,900 and issuingannually 8,901,400 copies. Of these, 5 weredaily, with an aggregate circulation of 16,100;4 tri-weekly, circulation 9,600; 42 weekly,44,000; 3 monthly, 10,000; and 1 quarterly,1,200. In 1875 there were reported 7 daily,3 tri-weekly, 3 semi-weekly, 62 weekly, 1bi-weekly, 2 semi-monthly, 4 monthly, and 2quarterly; total, 84. The total number ofreligious organizations in 1870 was 1,457, having1,308 edifices, with 491,425 sittings andproperty valued at $3,276,982. Thedenominations were represented as follows:

—The first attempt to colonize the territorynow comprised in South Carolina was madeby Jean Ribault, a Frenchman. (SeeRibault.) The province of Carolina was createdby Charles II. in 1663. (See North Carolina.)The first permanent settlement in SouthCarolina was made on the banks of theAshley river in 1670 by English colonists, whor*moved in 1680 to the present site of Charleston.Under the name of Carolina, both thepresent states of North and South Carolinawere held as a proprietary government,nominally under the celebrated model constitutionprepared by John Locke, till July, 1729, whenthe king bought out the proprietors, andformed the Carolinas into two royal colonies.In 1685 a large number of French Huguenotssettled in South Carolina, and subsequentlythere were considerable settlements of Swiss,Irish, and German emigrants. The colony atvarious times suffered severely from Indiandepredations, and with Georgia was engagedunder Oglethorpe in a contest with the Spanishsettlements in Florida. South Carolinawas the scene of severe warfare during therevolutionary struggle, hotly contestedbattles being fought at Fort Moultrie, Charleston,Camden, King's Mountain, Cowpens, EutawSprings, &c. The British held the country forthe greater part of the years 1780 and 1781.The battle of Eutaw Springs, September, 1781,between Gen. Greene and Col. Stuart, in whichboth sides claimed the victory, was the lastengagement of any importance during therevolution. A state constitution was first adoptedon March 26, 1776; the constitution of theUnited States was ratified by South Carolinaon May 23, 1788. Immediately after thepresidential election of 1832, a convention of thepeople of South Carolina was called to meet atColumbia, to take action on the high tariff of1828 and 1832. The convention met on Nov.19, unanimously adopted the “nullificationordinance,” which pronounced the tariff “null,void, and no law, nor binding on this state,its officers and citizens,” and prohibited thepayment of duties on imports imposed by thatlaw within the state after Feb. 1 ensuing.The ordinance contemplated an act of thelegislature nullifying the tariff, and declaredthat no appeal should be made to the supremecourt of the United States against the validityof such act. It was also declared that shouldthe general government attempt to enforcethe law thus nullified, or to interfere withthe foreign commerce of the state, the peopleof South Carolina would “holdthemselves absolved from all further obligation tomaintain or preserve their political connectionwith the people of the other states.”This action was approved by the governor,Robert Y. Hayne, in his message to thelegislature, and measures were adopted by thatbody to give practical effect to the ordinance.In view of the threatened emergency, PresidentJackson ordered Gen. Scott to Charleston for the purpose of “superintending thesafety of the ports of the United States inthat vicinity,” and soon after the meeting ofcongress in December issued a proclamationin which he held that nullification was treasonand should be punished as such. During thesession of this congress the compromise tariffwas passed, which being acceptable to SouthCarolina, the course threatened by that statewas not pursued. In April, 1860, the SouthCarolina delegates to the national democraticconvention in session at Charleston withdrewfrom that body because the convention did notexpressly deny in its platform “the powereither of the federal government, or its agent,the territorial government, to abolish or legislateagainst property in slaves by either director indirect legislation.” South Carolina wasthe first of the southern states to instituteactive measures for withdrawing from theUnion on the election of Mr. Lincoln, and thefirst to pass an ordinance of secession. OnNov. 7, 1860, an act was passed by the legislaturecalling a state convention. On the sameday the United States officials in Charlestonresigned, and on the 10th the South Carolinasenators withdrew from the United States senate.An election of delegates having been heldon Dec. 6, the convention assembled in Charlestonon the 18th, and passed the ordinance ofsecession on the 20th without a dissentingvote. Commissioners were appointed to go toWashington to treat with President Buchananfor the possession of federal property withinthe limits of South Carolina, while others weresent to the slaveholding states to invite theircoöperation in the formation of a southernconfederacy. On the 24th the representativesin congress withdrew from that body, and onthe same day Gov. Pickens proclaimed thedissolution of the union between South Carolinaand the other states. On the 27th FortMoultrie and Castle Pinckney were seizedby the state. The bombardment andcapture of Fort Sumter, April 12, 13, by Gen.Beauregard (see Sumter, Fort), was thebeginning of open hostilities, and caused greatexcitement throughout the country. The portsof the seceded states were declared blockadedby President Lincoln on April 19. HiltonHead and Bay Point were captured on Nov.7 by an expedition under Admiral Du Pontand Gen. T. W. Sherman. On April 7, 1863,Admiral Du Pont made an unsuccessfulattempt to reduce the defences of Charlestonharbor, losing one of his vessels in the engagement.A land attack was made in July byGen. Q. A. Gillmore, who took possession ofMorris island, but was repulsed with great lossin an assault upon Fort Wagner. That workwas reduced by bombardment, Sept. 7, andshells were thrown into the city itself. In thelatter part of January, 1865, Gen. W. T. Sherman'sarmy began its march from Savannahthrough South Carolina, having Goldsboro,N. C., as an objective point, and threateningCharleston and Augusta at the same time.Columbia was surrendered on Feb. 17, andCharleston and all its defences were evacuatedon the same day. (See Charleston, andColumbia.) Gen. Sherman, resuming his march fromColumbia, and destroying railroads, bridges,&c., reached Cheraw on the Great Pedee, March3, whence he moved to Fayetteville, N. C. B.F. Perry was appointed provisional governorof South Carolina, June 30, 1865. On Sept. 4delegates were chosen to a convention, whichassembled in Columbia, Sept. 13, repealed theordinance of secession, and declared slaveryabolished. James L. Orr was chosen governorat a general election held on Oct. 18. At thesame time a legislature was elected, which metbefore the close of the month. Gov. Orrassumed the duties of his office on Nov. 29, butit was not till Dec. 25 that the provisionalgovernor was relieved and the authority in thestate restored to the officers elected by thepeople. This government continued in forceuntil supplanted by the military governmentprovided by congress in March, 1867, whenGen. Sickles was appointed to the command ofthe second military district, embracing Northand South Carolina. He was succeeded in thebeginning of September by Gen. Canby. Aregistration of voters was now held, preliminaryto an election to ascertain the will ofthe people in reference to calling a stateconvention to frame a constitution and civilgovernment, and 78,982 colored and 46,346 whitevoters were registered. At the election, heldon Nov. 19 and 20, 68,876 colored and 130white persons voted for a convention, and2,081 whites against it. Of the delegateschosen, 34 were white and 63 colored. Theconvention assembled on Jan. 14, 1868, andadopted a constitution, which was ratified bythe people, April 14, 15, and 16, by a vote of70,758 to 27,288. At the same time stateofficers, members of the legislature (of whom72 were white and 85 colored), and representativesto congress were chosen. The legislatureassembled on July 6, and on the 9th Gov. Scottwas inaugurated. The state became entitledto representation in congress by the ratification(108 to 10) of the fourteenth amendmentto the federal constitution, andreconstruction was practically completed by thewithdrawal of the military authorities on the13th. The fifteenth amendment to thefederal constitution was ratified by the legislatureon March 11, 1869, by a vote of 18 to1 in the senate and 88 to 3 in the house.At the presidential election in 1868, 62,916votes were cast for Grant (republican) and45,237 for Seymour (democrat). This wasthe first time in the history of the state thatthe people had voted for president and vicepresident; previously the presidential electorshad been chosen by the legislature. During1868 and subsequently disorders alleged tohave been committed by masked outlaws called“Ku-klux” were reported in this state, especially in the N. W. counties. In the latter partof 1871 and the beginning of 1872 numerousarrests were made under an act of congressfor the suppression of these outrages, andmany persons were convicted in the UnitedStates courts and punished.